Reader Login
| Users online: 109
Ahead of print articles
Export selected to
Endnote
Reference Manager
Procite
Medlars Format
RefWorks Format
BibTex Format
Access statistics : Table of Contents
2011| April-June | Volume 36 | Issue 2
Online since
August 22, 2011
Archives
Previous Issue
Next Issue
Most popular articles
Most cited articles
Show all abstracts
Show selected abstracts
Export selected to
Viewed
PDF
Cited
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Knowledge, attitude, and practices about biomedical waste management among healthcare personnel: A cross-sectional study
Vanesh Mathur, S Dwivedi, MA Hassan, RP Misra
April-June 2011, 36(2):143-145
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84135
PMID
:21976801
Background:
The waste produced in the course of healthcare activities carries a higher potential for infection and injury than any other type of waste. Inadequate and inappropriate knowledge of handling of healthcare waste may have serious health consequences and a significant impact on the environment as well.
Objective:
The objective was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices of doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians, and sanitary staff regarding biomedical waste management.
Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study.
Setting:
The study was conducted among hospitals (bed capacity >100) of Allahabad city.
Participants:
Medical personnel included were doctors (75), nurses (60), laboratory technicians (78), and sanitary staff (70).
Results:
Doctors, nurses, and laboratory technicians have better knowledge than sanitary staff regarding biomedical waste management. Knowledge regarding the color coding and waste segregation at source was found to be better among nurses and laboratory staff as compared to doctors. Regarding practices related to biomedical waste management, sanitary staff were ignorant on all the counts. However, injury reporting was low across all the groups of health professionals.
Conclusion:
The importance of training regarding biomedical waste management needs emphasis; lack of proper and complete knowledge about biomedical waste management impacts practices of appropriate waste disposal.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
24,610
1,282
39
Profile of home-based caregivers of bedridden patients in North India
Puneet Bains, Amarjeet Singh Minhas
April-June 2011, 36(2):114-119
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84129
PMID
:21976795
Background:
Caregiving to bedridden patients in India is set to become a major problem in future.
Objective:
To ascertain the profile of caregivers for the adult bedridden patients in Chandigarh, India.
Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 purposively selected bedridden people. The Katz Index of the activities of daily living was used to ascertain their degree of disability. Patients and families were interviewed about the patterns of care provision.
Results:
The mean age of subjects was 69 years. A majority (68%) of them lived in joint families. All of them required assistance in bathing, dressing, toileting, and transfer. In 54% of the cases someone was hired to look after the subjects. A majority of the caregivers (82%) were family members. All caregivers were untrained. In 35% of the cases unqualified practitioners were consulted, while in 59% of the cases government hospitals were consulted. Most patients (78) were given medicines on time. Complications like urinary tract infection (39%) and pressure ulcers (54%) were reported; 57% of the patients reported satisfaction with the care provided.
Conclusion:
The main source of caregivers for the bedridden was the family. Bedridden people had high rates of medical complications. There is a need for formal training for the caregivers.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
6,245
218
4
CME
India's progress toward achieving the millennium development goals
Anita Nath
April-June 2011, 36(2):85-92
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84118
PMID
:21976790
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
5,338
664
13
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Neonatal morbidity and mortality in tribal and rural communities in Central India
Abhimanyu Niswade, Sanjay P Zodpey, Suresh Ughade, Shrikant I Bangdiwala
April-June 2011, 36(2):150-158
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84137
PMID
:21976803
Background and Objectives:
Little is known about the natural history of neonates born in the rural and tribal areas in India. The Neonatal Disease Surveillance Study (NDSS) measures the incidence of high-priority neonatal diseases, neonatal health events and associated risk factors to plan appropriate and effective actions.
Materials and Methods:
The NDSS is being conducted in Ramtek Revenue Block, Nagpur district, Maharashtra state, given its considerably high level of neonatal mortality. All households from five selected primary health centers were screened. Both active and passive surveillance systems were used for systematic collection of mother's health during pregnancy and of baby's health from birth to 4 months after birth. First-year results from November 2006 to October 2007 are presented.
Results:
Pregnancy outcomes were available for 1,136 women, with an overall neonatal mortality of 73 per 1,000 live births. The pregnancy outcomes varied by gestational age of the baby; miscarriages and abortions were higher in tribal than in non-tribal women, and tribal women had higher rates of low-birth weight (LBW) neonates than non-tribal women. The main cause of neonatal mortality was LBW, followed by sepsis and respiratory illness. The mortality of non-tribal babies was most strongly associated with pre term. For tribal babies, mortality was also associated with maternal morbidity and delay in the initiation of breastfeeding.
Interpretation and Conclusions:
The NDSS provides valuable information on the potentially modifiable factors associated with increased likelihood of neonatal mortality and morbidity. The Neonatal Health Research Initiative is now developing community-based interventions to reduce the high rate of neonatal mortality and morbidity in the rural areas of India.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
4,803
653
9
Oral cancer screening at workplace in India-one-year follow-up
PA Uplap, GA Mishra, P Majumdar, SD Gupta, PS Rane, PK Sadalge, AM Avasare, SS Goswami, VA Dhar, SS Shastri
April-June 2011, 36(2):133-138
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84133
PMID
:21976799
Background:
Oral cancer remains the commonest form of cancer and cancer-related deaths among Indian males due to popularity of avoidable risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use. A workplace oral cancer screening and tobacco cessation study was commenced on World No Tobacco Day 2007 at a chemical industry in rural Maharashtra.
Aims:
The objectives were to screen the employees for oral neoplasia and to correlate it with their tobacco consumption pattern. In addition, the objective was to provide tobacco cessation services at the workplace.
Materials and Methods:
This is an interventional cohort study among 104 employees of a chemical industrial unit in rural Maharashtra. Naked eye examination of the oral cavity was performed for all employees by a doctor irrespective of the tobacco habits at the beginning and at the end of 1 year. In between, the tobacco users were regularly examined during each follow-up.
Statistical analysis used:
Through personal interviews of the participants, data were manually recorded and were transferred to electronic data base. Data analysis was conducted in STATA™ 8.2 on intention to treat basis.
Results and Conclusions:
Among the 104 employees, 50 (48.08%) were current tobacco users at the beginning of the program. Oral precancers were seen exclusively among 20 (40%) tobacco users. After 1 year of workplace tobacco cessation intervention, 80% of oral precancers regressed. This shows that screening of the oral cavity at the workplace is effective when combined with tobacco cessation.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
4,643
374
3
Pregnancy outcome of women with gestational diabetes in a tertiary level hospital of North India
Pikee Saxena, Swati Tyagi, Anupam Prakash, Aruna Nigam, Shubha Sagar Trivedi
April-June 2011, 36(2):120-123
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84130
PMID
:21976796
Background:
Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pose an important public health problem because diabetes not only affects the maternal and fetal outcome, but these women and their fetuses are also at an increased risk of developing diabetes and related complications later in their life.
Objectives:
The study was conducted to determine the maternal and fetal outcomes of 50 diabetic
vs
50 normoglycemic pregnancies.
Materials and Methods:
This was a retrospective analytical record-based study conducted in a tertiary level hospital. Detailed information regarding maternal, fetal, and labor outcome parameters was recorded in a prestructured proforma and compared in normoglycemic and diabetic pregnancies.
Results:
Patients with obesity, history of diabetes in the family, spontaneous abortions, and gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies had a greater incidence of GDM in current pregnancy (
P
<0.05 for all). Hypertension, polyhydramnios, macrosomia, fetopelvic disproportion, and cesarean sections were more (
P
<0.001) among diabetic pregnancies. Congenital anomalies, polycythemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperbilirubinemia were also observed to be more (
P
<0.05) in neonates born to diabetics, suggesting an adverse effect of hyperglycemia in utero.
Conclusion:
Diabetes during pregnancy is associated with higher maternal and fetal morbidity. Therefore, early screening, detection, close monitoring, and intervention is essential to reduce maternal and fetal short- and long-term adverse effects, especially in high-risk groups. Pregnancy provides an opportunity to the clinician to control the disease process and inculcate healthy lifestyle practices in these patients.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
4,514
501
15
Tobacco chewing and associated factors among youth of Western Nepal: A cross-sectional study
SH Subba, VS Binu, RG Menezes, J Ninan, MS Rana
April-June 2011, 36(2):128-132
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84132
PMID
:21976798
Background:
Smokeless tobacco is found to be as addictive and harmful as smoking but have not been explored into, especially among youth.
Objectives:
This study was conducted to find the prevalence of tobacco chewing among college students in Nepal and the factors that have influence over their use.
Study design:
A cross-sectional study with a self-administered questionnaire.
Materials and Methods:
Five colleges of different streams in Pokhara city were selected for the study. A total of 816 students participated. The study was conducted during the period of May 2006-February 2007, using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire.
Results:
Overall prevalence of ever tobacco chewing was 21.3% (males 30.2% and females 10.9%) among the youth with average age of initiation 15.7 years. Pan masala and gutka were used by 63.6% and frequency of use varied widely and only 5.7% said they were daily users. Reasons cited for chewing were most commonly 'just like it' or 'friends chew'. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed age, ever smoking status, being ever alcoholic, and having friends or family members who chewed were significantly associated with students' tobacco chewing. Almost one-tenth of the students believed they were addicted to chewing tobacco and 42.5% of them had tried to quit the habit.
Conclusion:
The study shows a high prevalence of tobacco chewing by Nepali youth. Important factors that influenced the habit were having chewer friends, their own smoking and alcohol status and having family members who chewed. It is pertinent to consider these when formulating cessation and prevention programs
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
3,966
417
13
VIEW POINT
Are we really producing public health experts in india? Need for a paradigm shift in postgraduate teaching in community medicine
Rajesh Garg, Sanjeev Gupta
April-June 2011, 36(2):93-97
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84124
PMID
:21976791
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
3,383
660
7
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Early infant diagnosis: A new tool of HIV diagnosis in children
Kamlesh Kumar Jain, Raj Kumar Mahajan, Manoj Shevkani, Pradeep Kumar
April-June 2011, 36(2):139-142
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84134
PMID
:21976800
Background:
Standard assay has limited utility in diagnosing HIV reactivity among infants till the age of 18 months by which time, many HIV-infected infants expire. The test for diagnosing infant and children below 18 months is DNA polymerase chain reaction (DNAPCR) either by dried blood spot (DBS) or whole blood sample (WBS). Early infant diagnosis (EID) project is implemented in 18 districts of Gujarat through 33 PPTCT centers from 1st April 2010. Present analysis is done to evaluate factors curbing mother to child HIV transmission.
Materials and Methods:
Study included all children (< 18 months) who are born to HIV-positive mothers or referred children with signs/ symptoms of HIV with unknown parent status or children already on anti-retroviral therapy whose status could not be confirmed by antibody tests. Data was compiled and analyzed according to the infant's age at testing, type of feeding, history of Anti retero viral (ARV) prophylaxis, and type of delivery. Data compiled between April and August 2010 was used for the analysis.
Results:
Cohort of 326 infants was followed up, fewer infants (14/270) who received ARV prophylaxis tested positive than those who did not (23/56). Transmission was more in normal delivery (29/252) than cesarean (8/74). Low transmission rate was seen in replacement feeding (13/208) than breast/mixed feeding (24/94). Out of 37 samples found positive by the DBS, 17 were sent for WBS and all were found to be positive.
Conclusion:
DBS test results were found as accurate as WBS. So DBS (less cumbersome and cost effective) can be used in future exclusively. Nevirapine administration at birth as mother baby pair showed 36% decrease in MTCT.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
3,619
265
6
Prevalence of Chikungunya in urban field practice area of a private medical college, Chennai
Sudharsanam M Balasubramaniam, J Krishnakumar, Thattiparthi Stephen, Rashmi Gaur, NC Appavoo
April-June 2011, 36(2):124-127
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84131
PMID
:21976797
Background:
The outbreak of Chikungunya in India started during December 2005 with more than 11,00,000 cases. Many cases with symptoms suggestive of Chikungunya reported to our urban health-training centre. Hence this study was done to estimate the prevalence of Chikungunya, to study the common treatment-seeking behavior, control measures and the sequalae of Chikungunya by follow-up.
Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was done in Anagaputhur an urban field practice area of our college. The study was done on a sample selected by systematic random sampling. Any person with fever and joint pain, with an onset from 1 August 2006 to 31 August 2006, were enrolled as cases. The cases were followed up after three months.
Results:
Chikungunya prevalence in the community was 22.3%; 52% of them were females and 56% of cases were in the 15-44 years age group. Median duration of acute phase was three days. Ninety-one percent of them had multiple joints' involvement. Seventy-eight percent sought treatment from the private sector. Sixty-seven percent reported artificial collections of water around their household and 44% complained of mosquito problems during the day. Eighty-eight percent used mosquito repellents for personal protection. On follow-up 95% of them had residual joint pain, 43% had residual joint swelling and 11% had disabilities with median duration of 30 days.
Conclusions:
Prevalence of Chikungunya was 22.3%, predominantly affecting the age group of 15-44 years and females. The private sector was commonly sought for treatment. Entomological survey indicated Aedes breeding. Eleven percent had disabilities due to the sequelae.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
3,276
274
11
Air nicotine monitoring for second hand smoke exposure in public places in India
Jagdish Kaur, Vinayak M Prasad
April-June 2011, 36(2):98-103
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84126
PMID
:21976792
Background:
Air nicotine monitoring is an established method of measuring exposure to second hand smoke (SHS). Not much research has been done in India to measure air nicotine for the purpose of studying exposure to SHS. It is a risk factor and many diseases are known to occur among non smokers if they are exposed to second hand smoke.
Objective:
To conduct monitoring of air nicotine for second hand smoke exposure in public places across major cities in India.
Materials and Methods:
A cross sectional survey was conducted across four cities across the country, using passive air monitoring. The buildings included hospitals, secondary schools, Governmental offices, bars and restaurants. The buildings were selected through convenience sampling method keeping in view specific sentinel locations of interest.
Result:
The presence of air nicotine was recorded in most of the buildings under the study, which included government buildings, hospitals, schools, restaurants and entertainment venues (bars) in all four cities under the study. The highest median levels of air nicotine were found in entertainment venues and restaurants in cities.
Conclusion:
The presence of air nicotine in indoor public places indicates weak implementation of existing smoke free law in India. The findings of this study provide a baseline characterization of exposure to SHS in public places in India, which could be used to promote clean indoor air policies and programs and monitor and evaluate the progress and future smoke-free initiatives in India.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
2,869
235
4
Preparedness for tobacco control among postgraduate residents of a medical college in Bangalore
Prem K Mony, Sylvia Jayakumar
April-June 2011, 36(2):104-108
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84127
PMID
:21976793
Background:
Tobacco use is a major cause of avoidable mortality. Postgraduate doctors in training are an important group of physicians likely to influence patients' tobacco use/cessation.
Objective:
To assess preparedness for tobacco control among clinical postgraduate residents of a medical college in southern India.
Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was undertaken among all clinical postgraduate residents enrolled in St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding tobacco cessation in their patients. A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was used. Simple descriptive analysis was undertaken.
Results:
The overall response rate was 66% (76/116). Mean (S.D.) knowledge score on tobacco use prevalence and disease burden was 6.2 (2.0) out of 10. About 25% of them were not aware of nicotine replacement therapy as a treatment option for tobacco cessation. Nearly two thirds of them expected their patients to ask for assistance with quitting and nearly half were sceptical about patients' ability to quit. While 80% of them enquired routinely about tobacco use in their patients, only 50% offered advice on quitting and less than a third assessed readiness to quit or offered assistance with quitting in their patients.
Conclusion:
Our study revealed suboptimal levels of knowledge and tobacco cessation practice among postgraduate residents. Attitudes toward tobacco cessation by their patients was however generally positive and there was substantial interest in further training in tobacco control. Reorienting postgraduate medical education to include tobacco control interventions would enable future physicians to be better equipped to deal with nicotine addiction.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
2,661
325
2
Comparative analysis of RNTCP indicators in a rural and an urban tuberculosis unit of Burdwan district in West Bengal
Sujishnu Mukhopadhyay, Aditya Prasad Sarkar
April-June 2011, 36(2):146-149
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84136
PMID
:21976802
Background:
Data pertaining to managerial indicators of RNTCP are rare. The present study was done to analyze the RNTCP indicators in one rural and one urban tuberculosis unit in Burdwan, West Bengal, and find out any influencing factor.
Materials and
Methods:
A comparative record analysis for the year 2007 was undertaken
. Results:
The study revealed significantly more urban adolescents (
P
<0.001) were treated. In both areas, the proportion of NSN cases and smear positive retreatment cases among total smear positives were less than expected, while more NSP cases were registered. Significantly lesser retreatment cases (13.33%) were registered in the rural area. Smear negative and EP cases of all the patients in Cat I were significantly less in the rural area. Outcomes like cured, treatment completed, default, and death were similar approaching the RNTCP norm. But sputum conversion (78.02%) and failure rate (4.93%) were worse than the RNTCP norm in the urban area and varied significantly between two areas. The outcomes like cured, treatment completed, and default differed significantly with age in the areas. The outcome of TAD cases was different, but the outcomes of NSN, EP, and other retreatment cases were similar in two areas. Age at treatment onset was found to be the only factor associated with default.
Conclusion:
Managerial indicators may reveal something different despite common indicators showing acceptable results.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
2,495
318
1
Mass measles rubella immunization campaign: Bhutan experience
Bhakta R Giri, Pem Namgyal, KP Tshering, KP Sharma, Tandin Dorji, Chewang Tamang
April-June 2011, 36(2):109-113
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84128
PMID
:21976794
Background:
Bhutan has attained universal child immunization since 1991. Since then, immunization coverage is maintained at high level through routine immunization, periodic National Immunization Days, and mop up campaigns. Despite high immunization coverage, every year, significant numbers of clinically suspected measles cases were reported.
Objective:
To assess the cause of continuing high "suspected measles cases" and take appropriate public health measures.
Materials and Methods:
Febrile rash outbreaks occurred in several districts in 2003. These episodes were investigated. Simultaneously, a retrospective data search revealed evidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the country.
Results:
Thirty five percent of the tested samples were positive for rubella but none for measles. There were evidences of the presence of CRS. This was discussed in the annual health conference 2004, amongst health policy makers and district heads who recommended that a possibility of inclusion of rubella as an antigen be looked into. A nationwide measles and rubella immunization campaign was conducted in 2006 followed by introduction of rubella vaccine in the immunization schedule.
Conclusion:
Febrile rash can be caused by a host of viral infections. Following universal measles immunization, it is pertinent that febrile rash be looked in the light of rubella infections. Following the introduction of rubella vaccination in the national immunization schedule, there has been significant reduction of febrile rash episodes, cases of rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
2,575
221
2
LETTERS TO EDITOR
Persistence of diphtheria in India
Manoj V Murhekar, Sailaja Bitragunta
April-June 2011, 36(2):164-165
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84141
PMID
:21976807
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
2,493
188
11
EDITORIAL
Sexual and reproductive health services: Priorities for South and East Asia
Saroj Pachauri
April-June 2011, 36(2):83-84
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84116
PMID
:21976789
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
2,171
313
2
LETTERS TO EDITOR
Pleural effusion and ultrasonography in dengue fever
Syed Ahmed Zaki
April-June 2011, 36(2):163-163
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84140
PMID
:21976806
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
2,075
98
3
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
Age and gender disparities in evidence-based treatment for coronary artery disease in the community: A cross-sectional study
Krishna Kumar Sharma, Rakesh Gupta, Pawan K Basniwal, Soneil Guptha, Rajeev Gupta
April-June 2011, 36(2):159-160
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84138
PMID
:21976804
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
1,965
145
3
Filariasis presented as a spermatic cord nodule in a nonendemic hilly state of Uttarakhand: A case report of second case in the region
Naveen Thapliyal, Punam Bhadani, Usha Joshi, Sonal Singh, RS Jha
April-June 2011, 36(2):161-162
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84139
PMID
:21976805
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[PubMed]
1,870
86
-
LETTERS TO EDITOR
Where and how breastfeeding promotion initiatives should focus its attention?
T Arun Babu, V Sharmila
April-June 2011, 36(2):167-168
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84144
PMID
:21976810
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[PubMed]
1,606
155
-
Emergence of
Vibrio cholerae
serotype Hikojima in northern Tamil Nadu
C Chandralekha, Gowri Veligandla, R Vanaja
April-June 2011, 36(2):165-166
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84142
PMID
:21976808
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[CITATIONS]
[PubMed]
1,663
83
2
Health disparities: Old wine in a new bottle
Sanjeev M Chaudhary
April-June 2011, 36(2):166-167
DOI
:10.4103/0970-0218.84143
PMID
:21976809
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
[PubMed]
1,393
121
-
BOOK REVIEW
On being human: Where ethics, medicine, and spirituality converge
Poonam Khattar
April-June 2011, 36(2):169-170
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
[Mobile Full text]
[EPub]
1,241
138
-
About us
Instructions
Subscribe
Advertise
Search articles
Contact us
My Preferences
Sitemap
|
What's New
|
Feedback
|
Copyright and Disclaimer
© 2007 - Indian Journal of Community Medicine | Published by Wolters Kluwer -
Medknow
Online since 15
th
September, 2007