Research question : 1. What is the family background of juveniles admission to Remand Home? 2. What are the Reasons for their admission to Remand Home? Objectives: To find out the familial background of the : juveniles for admission to Remand Home. To identify reasons for admission to Remand Home. Study design: Cross- sectional study. Study setting: Remand Home Sholapur. Participants : Juveniles admitted to Remand Home. Study variables : Prime cause for admission to Remand Home, Parents status, Parental occupation, socio- economic status, parental education, sibling position, family size, type of family, detailed underlying conditions. Outcome variable : Details of family background & reasons for admission to Remand Home. Statistical analysis: Proportions. Results : Of the total 300 juveniles admitted to Remand Home 78.67% and 21.33& were delinquents and non- delinquents respectively. 47.88% and 75% juveniles had lost one or both parents in delinquent and non- delinquent group respectively . Majority of juveniles in both group belonged to unskilled labour and skilled manual labour. The problem of juvenile delinquency went on increasing with decreasing socio- economic status. Approximately 2/3rd juvenile from both the group had both parents illiterate. As the sibling position increased a decreased trend in admission to Remand Home was seen. Increase in family size above 4, increase the chances of admission to Remand Home. 91% juveniles came from nuclear families. More than 50% delinquents were offenders while all non- delinquents were socially handicapped.

Research question: Which are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy . Objective: To study the strength of association between hypothesised risk factors and ectopic pregnancy. Study design: Unmatched case- control study. Setting: Government Medical College, Hospital, Nagpur. Participants: 133 cases of ectopic pregnancy and equal number of controls (non pregnant women) admitted to study hospital. Study variables : Pelvic inflammatory diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, IUD use at conception , past use of IUD, prior ectopic pregnancy, OC pills use at the time of conception, past use of OC pills, induced abortion, spontaneous abortion, infertility and pelvic and abdominal surgery. Statistical analysis: Odds ratios & their 95% CI, Pearson’s chi square test, unconditional logistic regression analysis and population attributable risk proportion. Results : Use of IUD at conception, prior ectopic pregnancy , pelvic inflammatory disease, sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, OC pills use at the time of conception, past use of IUD and induced abortion were found to be significantly associated with ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion: Identification of these risk factors for etopic pregnancy shall help in early detection and appropriate management in an individual case and it may help in devising a comprehensive preventive strategy for ectopic pregnancy

Research question : What is the effect of maternal nutrition on low birth weight ? Objective: To study the effect of maternal nutrition on low birth weight. Setting: Hospital based, Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Neonatology wing of department of paediatrics of Rajendra Hospital attached to Govt. Medical College, Patiala. Study design: Cross- sectional. Sample size : 200 low birth weight babies from 1048 live births. Study variables: Weight of newborn babies, nutritional status of mother, maternal weight, maternal height, dietary habits, mothers haemoglobin. Statistical analysis : Proportions, Chi square test. Results : Out of 1048 babies born. 200 were found to be low birth weight babies giving an overall incidence of 19.1%. incidence of LBW was higher among female babies (19.6%) as compared to male babies (18.7%). The difference was statistically not significant. Incidence was 17.2% among non vegetarians while it was 20.7% in vegetarians. The difference was again statistically not significant. The lowest incidence (17%) of LBW was observed in mothers having haemoglobin levels 10gm/dl or more and there was improvement in birth weight as haemoglobin levels increased. Incidence of LBW was maximum (26.6%) in mothers having height less than 150 cms.

Research question: 1. What is the prevalence of use of commercial feeding formula (CFF) by mothers of underthree children attending Urban Health Training Center, G.M.C. Nagpur? 2. What are the practices regarding use of CFF? Objective: 1. To assess the prevalence of use of CFF. 2. To study the practices regarding the use of CFF. 3. To study some factors associated with use of CFF. Study design : Clinic based study. Setting: Urban Health Training Centre (UHTC), Govt. Medical College, Nagpur. Participants : Consecutive 600 underthree children and their mothers attending Urban Health Training Centre. Statistical analysis: Chi- square test, Z-test. Result : Prevalence of use of CFF was found to 43%. Out of 258 mothers who were using CFF . 65.11% were reconstituting the feed improperly , while 70.54% mothers were not taking proper hygienic precautions. In 80.62% cases, the practice was because of influence and advice by friends and private practitioners. Though use of CFF was more among higher socio-economic strata and higher literacy status. fairly large proportion of mothers from lower socio- economic strata and with less education were using CFF. Significantly more children fed with CFF were malnourished and also complained more about diarrhoeal diseases. Conclusion: Use of CFF is quite prevalent among urban mothers, moreover, better educational status and poverty does not have restraint on its use. Hence, specific educational programme should be developed to educate target group which would include medical professionals, mothers and even the general public from all strata of society.

Research question: Extent of utilization of the information, Education and Communication (IEC) components in the implementation of national nutrition programmes by middle level health personnel. Objectives: (i) To assess the knowledge of paramedics with regard to nutrition concepts and programmes and also (ii) to find out the current level of utilization of IEC inputs in the delivery of nutrition programmes. Study design: Cross- sectional, questionnaire survey. Setting: Regional Training Centres for Male and Female Health Workers located in the State of Andha Pradesh, India. Sample size: A total of 211 in – service trainees. Participants: Multipurpose Health Assistants (Male an Female), Multipurpose Health Supervisor (Male and Female) and Multipurpose Health Extension Officers. Study Variables: Socio- economic, health enhancing lifestyles, nutrition knowledge, mass media and small media utilization. Statistical analysis : Percent frequencies and mean scores with standard deviation, correlations. Results: Middle level health personnel scored well in nutrition knowledge. But their utilization of IEC tools in programme implementation and community education was not satisfactory. Use of print and broadcast media to update their nutrition knowledge was poor. A significant correlation was observed among variables like nutrition knowledge, mass media and small media utilization.

Research question: 1. What is the utilization of medical library by undergraduates? Objectives: (1) To know about frequency of library visit and use of various reading materials available in library by undergraduates.(2) Opinion regarding reading of scientific journals. Study design: Cross- sectional study. Participants : 129 medical interns. Study period: Month of December, 1994. Study variables : Frequency of library visit, purpose of visit and opinion regarding scientific journals. Statistical analysis: Percentages, Chi square test. Results : Although 97% interns visited library during undergraduate period, only 41.1% of them had regular visits. Majority (81.7%) consulted textbooks only. Forty six percent interns accepted utility of journals whereas 33.4% had negative opinions. Conclusion: There is a need of training and motivation to the undergraduates for regular use of library and reading selected articles useful for them.

Research question: 1. What is the status of health and morbidity pattern of khairwar community? 2. What is the etiology of infertility? Objectives: 1. To study the cause of infertility in this tribal community. Study design: Cross- sectional. Sample size: 1345 Khairwar individuals . Setting: Four blocks of district Sidhi (M.P) Statistical analysis : ‘Z’ test & Chi square test . Results: A total of 1345 Khairwar individuals were clinically examined. Acute respiratory infection (ARI). Gastrointestinal tract infection (GIT), skin infection and malaria were the common morbidities found in preschool & school going children. 63% blood samples were found VDRL & TPHA reactive in adult population(18+age group) of Kusmi block indicating the high prevalence of syphilis. Approximately 35.4% preschool children were nutritionally normal.. Availability of health service through primary health services (PHC) for Khairwar & their utilization pattern was not up to the mark.