|
|
SHORT COMMUNICATION |
 |
|
|
|
| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 35
| Issue : 1 | Page : 176-178 |
| |
Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among adolescent school children of South Karnataka, India
M Shashidhar Kotian1, S Ganesh Kumar2, Suphala S Kotian1
1 Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
2 Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
| Date of Submission | 24-Dec-2008 |
| Date of Acceptance | 18-Feb-2010 |
| Date of Web Publication | 19-Apr-2010 |
Correspondence Address:
S Ganesh Kumar
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0970-0218.62587
How to cite this article:
Kotian M S, Kumar S G, Kotian SS. Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among adolescent school children of South Karnataka, India. Indian J Community Med 2010;35:176-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Kotian M S, Kumar S G, Kotian SS. Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among adolescent school children of South Karnataka, India. Indian J Community Med [serial online] 2010 [cited 2021 Jun 20];35:176-8. Available from: https://www.ijcm.org.in/text.asp?2010/35/1/176/62587 |
 Introduction | |  |
At present the potential public health issue that is emerging is the increasing incidence of childhood obesity in developing countries, and the resulting socioeconomic and public health burden that will be faced by these countries in the near future. The prevalence is higher in the urban than in the rural areas. Many studies have shown that the prevalence of overweight among adolescents varies between 10 and 30%. [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11] Prevalence varies within the country because of differences in the lifestyle, mainly in the dietary patterns, and physical activity. In addition to this urbanization and industrialization are the main culprits for the increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity. No published literature can be found in this part of the country to assess the prevalence and determinants of obesity among adolescents. Studies of such a nature will be useful tools in planning and developing appropriate intervention methods. In this context, the present study has been conducted to estimate the prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among school children aged between 12 and 15 years, in a city in South Karnataka.
| Materials and Methods | | |
This was a school-based, cross-sectional study carried out over a period of four months, from January to April 2007. The sample size was estimated for infinite population by using the formula 4pq/d 2 where prevalence was taken as 10%. [1] The required precision of the estimate (d) was set at 20%. Using the above-mentioned formula, the sample size was estimated to be 900. After adding the non-response error of 10%, an additional 100 subjects were included. Thus, 1000 subjects were selected for this study. We adopted a multistage stratified random sampling procedure. For the selection of schools, a list of all schools was obtained from the school authorities of the district education office. First, six schools were selected by a simple random technique. Probability, proportional to the size sampling technique was used to select the sample from each school.
The subjects were adolescents, 12 to 15 years of age, in the city of Mangalore, Karnataka, a Southern State of India. After reaching the concerned school, the classes were selected randomly from each grade. Students were selected from each class by the simple random technique, using the students' register, till the desired sample from each class was met. It was assumed that from each institution, at least 50 subjects would be recruited from each class. If a designated student could not be contacted or was not cooperative during the three separate visits, the subject was considered as a non-respondent. Trained investigators weighed all of the adolescents without shoes and heavy clothing, using an electronic weighing scale with an error of ±100 g. The weighing scale was regularly checked with known standard weights. A portable anthropometric rod was used for measuring the height, with an error to the nearest of 0.1 cm, using standard procedures. [12] The International Obesity Task Force references were used to define overweight and obesity in this study. [13] Information was collected on physical activity, which included the mode of transport used to go to school and physical activities such as participation in sports and games, aerobic physical exercises, and frequency and duration of participation in household activities. Time spent in watching television and playing computer and video games were also noted. Diet preferences for chocolate, biscuits, chips, and colas were taken into consideration. Adolescents were categorized into two groups namely overweight (≥ wighty-fifth percentile) and obese (≥ ninety-fifth percentile). The socioeconomic status was assessed based on the Kuppuswamy classification. Univariate and Multiple Logistic Regression analyses were carried out. For all statistical tests, P < 0.05 was taken as the significant level.
| Results | | |
A total of 900 adolescents in the age group of 12 to 15 years were analyzed. Out of these 461 (51.2%) subjects were males. The mean BMI of the sample was 17.3 kg/m 2 .
The overall prevalence of overweight among adolescents was 9.9% and obesity was 4.8% [Table 1]. The prevalence of overweight was 9.3% among boys and 10.5% among girls; 5.2 and 4.3% were obese, respectively. However, according to the Body Mass Index cut off values, 23.9% (215) were underweight (< 18.5), 60.6% (546) were normal (18.5 - 24.9), 11.4% (103) were overweight (25 - 29.9), and 4% (36) were obese (30 and above). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of overweight was two times higher among the adolescents of high SES, 21 times higher among those participating < two hour/week in any type of physical activity, 7.3 times higher among those who reported watching television and playing games on the computer for ≥ four hours/day, and 5.6 times higher among those who ate chocolates daily in addition to a normal diet [Table 2].
| Discussion | | |
The overall prevalence of overweight adolescents among the urban group was found to be 9.9%, which was consistent with a recent study. [2] However, the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau surveys in 2002, in rural areas, reported the prevalence of as little as 0.6%. [3] A similar study done in Hyderabad showed that the prevalence of overweight was 7.2% among the 12 to 17 year age group. [4] Although, some other studies done in India showed a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity. [5],[6],[7],[8] A study in Delhi on affluent school children showed the prevalence of obesity to be 7.4%. [9] Another study among affluent girls in Delhi reported the prevalence of obesity and overweight to be 5.3 and 15.2%, respectively. [10] Similar studies had been conducted to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity in India and the results are comparable to our study, with respect to the prevalence of obesity. [11],[14] A study done in USA during 2001-2002 showed the prevalence of overweight and obesity as 31.5 and 16.5%, respectively, for the 6 to 19 year age group. [15] The widely differing prevalence of overweight and obesity was due to the definitions used, age group and sex taken for the study, uniformity of selection of the sample, area selected, and the methodology used for the survey.
Overweight and obesity were marginally higher in the pubertal age groups of 13 to 15 years, perhaps because of increased adipose tissue and overall body weight in children during puberty. One of the major reasons for childhood obesity was watching television or using computers as shown by another study. [4],[16] A clear socioeconomic gradient in the prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in this study, which was consistent with other studies. [4],[5],[17] The results revealed that regular physical activity was an important factor in reducing the prevalence of overweight and obesity, which was consistent with other studies. [4],[5]
We could not interview 100 non-respondents because of their non-availability during our field visits. As the proportion of non-respondents was within the limits, we expected only a minimal effect on our prevalence estimate. A normal diet survey was not performed because of feasibility constraints. It was concluded that the overall prevalence of overweight was 9.3% among boys and 10.5% among girls; 5.2 and 4.3% were obese, respectively. The prevalence of overweight was higher among the adolescents of the high socioeconomic status group, who had physical activity of < one hour/day, watched television ≥ 4 hours/day, and ate chocolates daily. Action needs to be taken to curb the problem of obesity among adolescents. Public health interventions at the individual and policy-making levels need to be instigated at the earliest, to tackle this problem in the country.
| Acknowledgements | | |
We thank the Heads of the institutions of the schools and the students for having helped us in the collection of data.
| References | | |
| 1. | Subramanya V, JayaShree R, Rafi M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in affluent adolescent girls in Chennai in 1981 and 1998. Indian Pediatr 2003;40:332-6.  |
| 2. | Aggarwal T, Bhatia RC, Singh D, Sobti PC. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in affluent adolescents from Ludhiana, Punjab. Indian Pediatr 2008;45:500-01. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 3. | National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau. Diet and nutritional status of rural population national institute of nutrition. Indian Council of Medical Research Hyderabad, India: 2002. |
| 4. | Laxmaiah A, Nagalla B, Vijayaraghavan K, Nair M. Factors affecting prevalence of overweight among 12 to 17 year-old urban adolescents in Hyderabad, India. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:1384-90. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 5. | Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Vinitha R, Thayyil M, Kumar CK, Sheeba L, et al. Prevalence of overweight in urban Indian adolescent school children. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;57:185-90. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 6. | Chatterjee P. India sees parallel rise in malnutrition and obesity. Lancet 2002;360:1948. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 7. | Kaur S, Kapil U, Singh P. Pattern of chronic diseases amongst adolescent obese children in developing countries. Curr Sci 2005;88:1052-6. |
| 8. | Khadilkar VV, Khadilkar AV. Prevalence of obesity in affluent school boys in Pune. Indian Pediatr 2004;41:857-8. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 9. | Kapil U, Singh P, Pathak P, Dwivedi SN, Bhasin S. Prevalence of obesity amongst affluent adolescent school children in Delhi. Indian Pediatr 2002;39:449-52. [PUBMED] |
| 10. | Mehta M, Bhasin SK, Agrawal K, Dwivedi S. Obesity amongst affluent adolescent girls. Indian J Pediatr 2007;74:619-22. [PUBMED] |
| 11. | Kaneria Y, Singh P, Sharma DC. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in relation to socio economic conditions in two different groups of school age children of Udaipur city (Rajastan). J Indian Assoc Community Med 2006;7:133-5. |
| 12. | Jelliffee DB. Assessment of nutritional status of the community. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988. |
| 13. | Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity: International survey. BMJ 2000;320:1-6. |
| 14. | Sidhu S, Marwah G, Prabhjot. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among the affluent school children of Amritsar, Punjab. Coll Antropol 2005;29:53-5. [PUBMED] |
| 15. | Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents and adults. 1999-2002. JAMA 2004;291:2847-50. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 16. | Eisenmann JC, Bartee RT, Wang MQ. (2002) Physical activity, TV viewing, and weight in US youth: Youth risk behaviour survey. Obestet Res 1999;10:379-85. |
| 17. | Kasmini K. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children aged between 7-16 years amongst the 3 major ethnic groups in Kuala Lampur, Malaysia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 1997;6:172-4. |
[Table 1], [Table 2]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Food advertising targeting children in India: Analysis and implications |
|
| Ritu Mehta,Apoorva Bharadwaj | | Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 2021; 59: 102428 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Prevalence and associated factors of overweight/obesity among school going children in Chandigarh, India |
|
| Dhirendra Pratap Singh,Arpit Arya,Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi,Mahendra Bishnoi,Ravneet Kaur Boparai | | Child: Care, Health and Development. 2020; 46(5): 571 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Factors Associated with Nutritional Status of Adolescent Schoolchildren in Tripura |
|
| Dipayan Choudhuri,Sutradhar Balaram | | Indian Pediatrics. 2020; 57(2): 177 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Maternal Mediation of Retail Food Promotions Directed at Children |
|
| Jyoti Vohra,Pavleen Soni | | Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Double Burden of Underweight and Overweight among Women in South and Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |
|
| Tuhin Biswas,R J Soares Magalhaes,Nick Townsend,Sumon Kumar Das,Abdullah Mamun | | Advances in Nutrition. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATION WITH OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG CHILDREN OF NORTH INDIA |
|
| Quratul Ain Arifa,Tauseef Nabi,Nadeema Rafiq | | Indian Journal of Child Health. 2019; 6(6): 278 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
PREDICTION OF THE RISK OF DEVELOPING TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS USING BODY MASS INDEX IN ADOLESCENTS |
|
| Shanthi Shanthi,Manjunatha Manjunatha,Sagar Bharamakkanavar | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2019; 8(11): 800 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Prevalence of Obesity among School Going Children Attending Paediatrics Outpatient Department of a Private Medical College Hospital at Puducherry |
|
| Anebaracy V,Abhijeet Shrivastava | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2019; 8(42): 3135 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
SCREENING FOR OBESITY IN A 12 TO 14 YEAR SCHOOL GOING POPULATION |
|
| Subha Sankar Dutta | | Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2018; 5(16): 1351 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Predicting cross-cultural intentions to engage in physical activity |
|
| Najam Us Saqib | | International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing. 2018; 12(3): 307 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Assessment of dietary habits and nutritional status among adolescent girls in a rural area of Puducherry: a community-based cross-sectional study |
|
| Deepika Chandar,Bijaya Nanda Naik,Goutham Thumati,Sonali Sarkar | | International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 2018; 0(0) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, PAEDIATRIC METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG CHILDREN IN THE AGE GROUP OF 10-16 YEARS IN PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF SHIMLA CITY |
|
| Anmol Gupta,Amit Sachdeva,Brij Sharma,Narender Mahajan,Neetu Sharma | | Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2017; 4(60): 3635 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Predictors of overweight and obesity among school going adolescents of Vadodara city in Western India |
|
| Jayprakash I. Macwana,Kedar G. Mehta,Rajendra K. Baxi | | International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 2017; 29(3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| T. Biswas,A. Islam,Md.S. Islam,S. Pervin,L.B. Rawal | | Public Health. 2017; 142: 94 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Comparison of structured and unstructured physical activity training on predicted VO2max and heart rate variability in adolescents – a randomized control trial |
|
| Vivek Kumar Sharma,Senthil Kumar Subramanian,Krishnakumar Radhakrishnan,Rajathi Rajendran,Balasubramanian Sulur Ravindran,Vinayathan Arunachalam | | Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 2017; 28(3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
An evaluation of outdoor school environments to promote physical activity in Delhi, India |
|
| Samiksha Tarun,Monika Arora,Tina Rawal,Sara E. Benjamin Neelon | | BMC Public Health. 2017; 17(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Overweight and its associated risk factors among urban school adolescents in Nepal: a cross-sectional study |
|
| Suneel Piryani,Kedar Prasad Baral,Bandana Pradhan,Amod Kumar Poudyal,Rano Mal Piryani | | BMJ Open. 2016; 6(5): e010335 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
A “snapshot” of physical activity and food habits among private school children in India |
|
| Erin M Staab,Solveig A Cunningham,Sara Thorpe,Shailaja S Patil | | Childhood. 2016; 23(4): 537 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Stunting and weight statuses of adolescents differ between public and private schools in urban Gambia |
|
| Alimatou Juwara,Nicole Huang,Li-Ying Chien,Hsin-Jen Chen | | International Journal of Public Health. 2016; 61(6): 717 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Overweight and obesity in early adolescents and its relation to dietary habit and physical activity: A study in Dibrugarh town |
|
| Dimpymoni Saikia,Sultana J. Ahmed,Hiranya Saikia,Ratna Sarma | | Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2016; 4: S22 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Risk factors of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence in South Asian countries: a systematic review of the evidence |
|
| S.K. Mistry,S. Puthussery | | Public Health. 2015; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Assessing Differences in Risk Perceptions About Obesity Among “Normal-Weight” and “Overweight” Adolescents—A Qualitative Study |
|
| SubbaRao M. Gavaravarapu,K. Mallikarjuna Rao,Balakrishna Nagalla,Laxmaiah Avula | | Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2015; 47(6): 488 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Socio-economic position as an intervention against overweight and obesity in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Shunquan Wu,Yingying Ding,Fuquan Wu,Ruisheng Li,Yan Hu,Jun Hou,Panyong Mao | | Scientific Reports. 2015; 5(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Rapid shift toward overweight from double burden of underweight and overweight among Bangladeshi women: a systematic review and pooled analysis |
|
| Mohammad E. Hoque,Kurt Z. Long,Louis W. Niessen,Abdullah Al Mamun | | Nutrition Reviews. 2015; 73(7): 438 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children and adolescents in Chennai |
|
| Sonya Jagadesan,Ranjani Harish,Priya Miranda,Ranjit Unnikrishnan,Ranjit Mohan Anjana,Viswanathan Mohan | | Indian Pediatrics. 2014; 51(7): 544 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
A STUDY OF RISK FACTOR SCORE OF LIFE-STYLE DISEASES AMONG THE STAFF OF A PRIVATE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF JAIPUR |
|
| Anjali Jain,Lokesh Agarwal,Pankaj J P,Chaudhary R C,Ashish Jain | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2014; 3(48): 11499 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Nutritional and behavioral determinants of adolescent obesity: a case–control study in Sri Lanka |
|
| Kumari M Rathnayake,Tharrmini Roopasingam,VP Wickramasighe | | BMC Public Health. 2014; 14(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
result 1 Document A study of the components of metabolic syndrome in young adults |
|
| Usha, S.M.R., Chandrika, N., Shetty, H.V., Reena, R. | | Source of the Document Biomedical Research (India). 2014; | | [Pubmed] | | | 29 |
Ethics in Food Advertising to Children in India—A Parental Perspective |
|
| Raghbir Singh,Pavleen Soni | | Journal of Food Products Marketing. 2014; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents of the Indian subcontinent: a meta-analysis |
|
| Mohammad E Hoque,Suhail AR Doi,Munim Mannan,Kurt Long,Louis W Niessen,Abdullah A Mamun | | Nutrition Reviews. 2014; : n/a | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
result 2 Document Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Meitei and Ao Naga adolescents |
|
| Singh, M.S., Longkumer, T. | | Anthropologist. 2013; | | [Pubmed] | | | 32 |
Eliciting a policy response for the rising epidemic of overweight-obesity in India |
|
| S. Khandelwal,K. S. Reddy | | Obesity Reviews. 2013; 14: 114 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
result 3 Document Eliciting a policy response for the rising epidemic of overweight-obesity in India |
|
| Authors of Document Khandelwal, S., Reddy, K.S. | | Obesity Reviews. 2013; | | [Pubmed] | | | 34 |
Overweight, obesity and related non-communicable diseases in Asian Indian girls and women |
|
| S M Chopra,A Misra,S Gulati,R Gupta | | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013; 67(7): 688 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN SCHOOL CHILDREN |
|
| Shruthi Swamy,Mangala Subramanian,Chithambaram N. S.,Mini Jayan | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2013; 2(39): 7392 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Overweight, obesity and related non-communicable diseases in Asian Indian girls and women |
|
| Chopra, S.M. and Misra, A. and Gulati, S. and Gupta, R. | | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013; 67(7): 688-696 | | [Pubmed] | | | 37 |
Obesity and socioeconomic status in developing countries: A systematic review |
|
| Dinsa, G.D. and Goryakin, Y. and Fumagalli, E. and Suhrcke, M. | | Obesity Reviews. 2012; 13(11): 1067-1079 | | [Pubmed] | | | 38 |
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Meitei adolescent of Manipur, India |
|
| Dkhar, J.W. and Singh, M.S. | | Anthropologist. 2012; 14(4): 347-351 | | [Pubmed] | | | 39 |
Prevelence of malnutrition among schoolchildren with reference to overweight and obesity and its associated factors |
|
| Rawat, R. and Garg, S.K. and Chopra, H. and Bajpai, S.K. and Bano, T. and Jain, S. and Kumar, A. | | Indian Journal of Community Health. 2012; 24(2): 97-100 | | [Pubmed] | | | 40 |
Prevalence of excess weight and associated factors in adolescents of private schools of an Amazonic urban area, Brazil [Prevalência de excesso de peso e fatores associados em adolescentes de escolas privadas de região urbana na Amazônia] |
|
| Silva Júnior, L.M. and dos Santos, A.P. and de Souza, O.F. and Farias, E.S. | | Revista Paulista de Pediatria. 2012; 30(2): 217-222 | | [Pubmed] | | | 41 |
Excess weight and associated factors in adolescents [Excesso de peso e fatores associados em adolescentes] |
|
| Dos Santos Farias, E. and Dos Santos, A.P. and De Farias-Júnior, J.C. and Ferreira, C.R.T. and De Carvalho, W.R.G. and Gonçalves, E.M. and Guerra-Júnior, G. | | Revista de Nutricao. 2012; 25(2): 229-236 | | [Pubmed] | | | 42 |
Prevalência de excesso de peso e fatores associados em adolescentes de escolas privadas de região urbana na Amazônia |
|
| Laércio M. Silva Júnior,Angelita Pereira dos Santos,Orivaldo Florencio de Souza,Edson dos Santos Farias | | Revista Paulista de Pediatria. 2012; 30(2): 217 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Obesity and socioeconomic status in developing countries: a systematic review |
|
| G. D. Dinsa,Y. Goryakin,E. Fumagalli,M. Suhrcke | | Obesity Reviews. 2012; 13(11): 1067 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
